بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيم

اقْرَأْ بِاسْمِ رَبِّكَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ
Bacalah dengan (menyebut) nama Tuhanmu Yang menciptakan [Al-'Alaq 96:1]

2.2.4 Identify various Really Simple Syndication(RSS)




RSS (originally RDF Site Summary, often dubbed Really Simple Syndication) is a family of web feed formats used to publish frequently updated works—such as blog entries, news headlines, audio, and video—in a standardized format.[2] An RSS document (which is called a "feed", "web feed",[3] or "channel") includes full or summarized text, plus metadata such as publishing dates and authorship.
RSS feeds benefit publishers by letting them syndicate content automatically. A standardized XML file format allows the information to be published once and viewed by many different programs. They benefit readers who want to subscribe to timely updates from favorite websites or to aggregate feeds from many sites into one place.
RSS feeds can be read using software called an "RSS reader", "feed reader", or "aggregator", which can be web-based, desktop-based, or mobile-device-based. The user subscribes to a feed by entering into the reader the feed's URI or by clicking a feed icon in a web browser that initiates the subscription process. The RSS reader checks the user's subscribed feeds regularly for new work, downloads any updates that it finds, and provides a user interface to monitor and read the feeds. RSS allows users to avoid manually inspecting all of the websites they are interested in, and instead subscribe to websites such that all new content is pushed onto their browsers when it becomes available.

2.2.3 Explain various file transfer protocol (FTP) client




File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer files from one host to another host over a TCP-based network, such as the Internet. FTP is built on a client-server architecture and uses separate control and data connections between the client and the server.[1] FTP users may authenticate themselves using a clear-text sign-in protocol but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it.
In the second age, the first FTP client applications were interactive command-line tools, implementing standard commands and syntax. Graphical user interface clients have since been developed for many of the popular desktop operating systems in use today
FTP operates on the application layer of the OSI model, and is used to transfer files using TCP/IP.[3] To do so, an FTP server has to be running and waiting for incoming requests.[3] The client computer is then able to communicate with the server on port 21.[3][7] This connection, called the control connection,[8] remains open for the duration of the session, with a second connection, called the data connection,[2][8] which can either be opened by the server from its port 20 to a negotiated client port (active mode), or by the client from an arbitrary port to a negotiated server port (passive mode) as required to transfer file data.[2][7] The control connection is used for session administration (i.e., commands, identification, passwords)[9] exchanged between the client and the server using a telnet-like protocol. For example "RETR filename" would transfer the specified file from the server to the client. Due to this two-port structure, FTP is considered an out-of-band protocol, as opposed to an in-band protocol such as HTTP.[9]
The server responds on the control connection with three digit status codes in ASCII with an optional text message, for example "200" (or "200 OK.") means that the last command was successful. The numbers represent the code number and the optional text represent explanations (e.g., <OK>) or needed parameters (e.g., <Need account for storing file>).[1] A file transfer in progress over the data connection can be aborted using an interrupt message sent over the control connection.
FTP may run in active or passive modes, any of which determines how the data connection is established.[8] In the active mode, the client sends the server the IP address and port number, then the client waits till the server initiates the TCP connection.[7] In situations where the client is behind a firewall and unable to accept incoming TCP connections, the passive mode may be used. In this mode the client sends a PASV command to the server and receives an IP address and port number in return.[7][8] The client uses these to open the data connection to the server.[6] Both modes were updated in September 1998 to support IPv6. Further changes were introduced to the passive mode at that time, updating it to extended passive mode.[10]
While transferring data over the network, four data representations can be used:[2][3][5]
  • ASCII mode: used for text. Data is converted, if needed, from the sending host's character representation to "8-bit ASCII" before transmission, and (again, if necessary) to the receiving host's character representation. As a consequence, this mode is inappropriate for files that contain data other than plain text.
  • Image mode (commonly called Binary mode): the sending machine sends each file byte for byte, and the recipient stores the bytestream as it receives it. (Image mode support has been recommended for all implementations of FTP).
  • EBCDIC mode: use for plain text between hosts using the EBCDIC character set. This mode is otherwise like ASCII mode.
  • Local mode: Allows two computers with identical setups to send data in a proprietary format without the need to convert it to ASCII
For text files, different format control and record structure options are provided. These features were designed to facilitate files containing Telnet or ASA formatting.
Data transfer can be done in any of three modes:[1][2]
  • Stream mode: Data is sent as a continuous stream, relieving FTP from doing any processing. Rather, all processing is left up to TCP. No End-of-file indicator is needed, unless the data is divided into records.
  • Block mode: FTP breaks the data into several blocks (block header, byte count, and data field) and then passes it on to TCP.[5

2.2.2 show various email client

 


Client
Creator
Cost
User Interface
Free
gnome.org
Free
Rimarts
US$40
GUI

Free
GUI
citadel.org
Free
GNU GPL
Web
the Claws Mail team
Cross-platform
Free
GNU GPL
GUI
Unix-like
Free
GNU GPL
TUI
Courier (formerly Calypso)
Micro Computer Systems, Inc., continued by Rose City Software
Windows
discontinued
proprietary
GUI
Dave D. Taylor, Sydney Weinstein, Bill Pemberton, Michael Elkins, Kari Hurtta
Unix-like
Free
TUI
Web CEO Corp.
Free
proprietary
GUI
Windows, Mac OS X
Free
Future release Penelope, will be free/open source based on Mozilla Thunderbird
GUI
Sean O'Connor
Windows
Shareware (no time limit), $20 full version
proprietary
GUI
Open Text

Free
proprietary
GUI
Ludovic Marcotte and others
Mac OS X, Linux
Free
GNU GPL
GUI
Gnus team
Cross-platform
Free
GNU GPL
TUI
Cross-platform
Included with GroupWise mailbox license
proprietary
GUI
Memecode
Windows, Mac OS X, Linux
Free (i.Scribe), $20 (InScribe)
proprietary
GUI
Windows, Mac OS X, Linux
$107, includes 1 yr phone support
proprietary
GUI
IncrediMail Ltd.
Windows
Shareware (no time limit), $49.95 premium version
proprietary
GUI
Cross-platform
Free, part of KDE Applications
GNU GPL
GUI
Mac OS X and iOS
Part of Mac OS X and iOS
proprietary
GUI
Mac OS X
Part of Microsoft Office for Mac
proprietary
GUI
Microsoft
Windows, Mac OS X
Part of Microsoft Office, $109 stand-alone
proprietary
GUI

MPL, GNU GPL, GNU LGPL tri-license
GUI
Mozilla Foundation
Cross-platform
Free
MPL, GNU GPL, GNU LGPL tri-license
GUI
Cyrus Daboo (formerly Cyrusoft International, Inc./ISAMET
Cross-platform
Free, as of version 4.0.5
Apache License
GUI
Michael Elkins
Cross-platform
Free
GNU GPL
TUI

Free
 ?
GUI
Netscape Communications

Free
MPL, GNU GPL, GNU LGPL tri-license
GUI
Unix-like
Free
BSD
CLI
Cross-platform
Free
GNU GPL
GUI
Cross-platform
Free, part of Opera
proprietary
GUI
Microsoft
Windows
Free
proprietary
GUI
Windows
proprietary
GUI
Cross-platform
Free
TUI
Poco Systems
Windows
$40
proprietary
GUI
The RoundCube Team
Cross-platform
Free
GNU GPL
Web
SeaMonkey Mail & Newsgroups
SeaMonkey Council
Cross-platform
Free, part of SeaMonkey
MPL, GNU GPL, GNU LGPL tri-license
GUI
Hiroyuki Yamamoto
Cross-platform
Free
GNU GPL, GNU LGPL
GUI
Synovel
Windows, Linux, BSD
Free
MPL, GNU GPL, GNU LGPL tri-license
GUI
The SquirrelMail Project Team
Cross-platform
Free
GNU GPL v2
Web
RitLabs
Windows
$45
proprietary
GUI
Windows
Free for Demon customers, GB£199 inc. VAT otherwise
proprietary
GUI
Microsoft
Windows
Free
proprietary
GUI
Microsoft
Windows
Part of Windows Vista
proprietary
GUI
YAM Open Source Team and contributing authors
Free
GNU GPL
GUI
Cross-platform
Free
MPL on server and ZPL (attribution clause) on client
GUI
Client
Creator
Operating system
Cost